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Pheromones and the Mentrual Cycle

by batoujitsu

Scientists have found long-sought proof that people release
potent chemical signals that can have profound effects on other
people. Pheromones have been documented in many species, ranging
from insects to elephants, as sex attractants, kinship
identifiers or alarm signals.

In many species they are detected by a specialized organ inside
the nose or mouth called the vomeronasal organ, or VNO. There was
ample evidence that human pheromones exist; babies show a clear
preference for pieces of clothing that have been worn by their
own mothers, for example, and research suggests that men and
women choose their mates in part by sniffing out partners with
compatible immune systems.

The research settles a 40-year debate about whether humans
produce and can respond to "pheromones," molecules that are
usually airborne and odorless and which, in other species,
influence such physiological processes and behaviors as mate
choice, the recognition of one's own family members, and the
ability to "smell" the difference between friend and foe.

The studies made by a lady, McClintock, proved the existence of
Pheromones in human beings. Specially, her researches showed that
the pheromones released by women's under arms can alter the
timings of women's reproductive cycles. This explains why women
who live together often develop synchronous menstrual periods and
could spur development of natural fertility drugs or
contraceptives.

"The evidence has now become quite strong that humans produce
and detect pheromones," agreed Edward W. Johnson of Idaho State
University in Pocatello.

The discovery was especially gratifying to Martha K. McClintock,
the University of Chicago researcher who, with colleague Kathleen
Stern, describes the work in one of the issues of the journal
Nature. As an undergraduate almost 30 years ago, McClintock
observed that many women in her dormitory menstruated in
synchrony. For decades McClintock immersed herself in the task of
identifying the timing mechanism. She and others suspected
pheromones, but proof was hard to come by.

Sweat is a common source of pheromones in mammals. To find out
if human pheromones exist and can affect menstrual timing,
McClintock and Stern asked nine women to wear gauze pads under
their armpits all day. The pads, changed daily, were cut into
pieces and frozen, and a daily tally was kept of each woman's
menstrual phase.

Then, every day for four months, the researchers rubbed thawed
gauze pads which contain sweat pheromones, above the upper lips
of 20 volunteer women who had agreed to have any of 30 different
"natural essences" rubbed under their noses. For two months, 10
women sniffed sweat from women in the early phase of their
menstrual cycle, while the other 10 sniffed sweat from women in a
later phase of their cycle. Then the groups switched and spent
two months getting the opposite scent.

The women smelled nothing, but the results were striking: Those
exposed to "early phase" sweat saw their own cycles shortened by
an average of 1.7 days per month, and as much as 14 days a month.
Those who sniffed "later phase" sweat saw their cycles lengthened
by an average of 1.4 days a month, and up to 12 days a month.
This is now called as MaClintock's effect of Pheromones.

Computer models indicated there must be two substances in the
sweat one that lengthens cycles and one that shortens them and
that together they can quickly lead to groups of women having
synchronous periods.

If pheromones have a big effect on human physiology, people may
want to rethink their heavy use of soaps and perfumes: It may be,
Buck speculated, that the constant washing away or covering up of
these sweaty social signals account for some of the loneliness or
depression in modern society.

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href="http://phermonesguide.blogspot.com/">human phermones</a>
please visit our site at http://phermonesguide.blogspot.com

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